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Partnership to Promote Enhanced Freight Movement at Ports and Intermodal TerminalsFootnotes1. The NSTC released a National Transportation Science and Technology Strategy in April 1999. Back 2. For more detailed discussion of this issue see Lewis Branscomb and James H. Keller, Investing in Innovation: Creating a Research and Innovation Policy That Works, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998; and Gene Grossman, "Promoting New Industrial Activities: A Survey of Recent Arguments and Evidence," OECD Economic Studies, No. 14 (Spring 1990), quoted in Michael Borrus and Jay Stowsky, "Technology Policy and Economic Growth," in Branscomb and Keller. Back 3. Paul Krugman and Anthony Venables, "Globalization and the Inequality of Nations," NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 5098, April 1995; Paul Krugman, Pop Internationalism, The MIT Press, 1996. Krugman points out that the growth of real incomes in the past two decades in the U.S. has been entirely due to domestic reasons, has had very little to do with trade, and has not been evenly distributed across all sectors. He emphasizes that the decline in demand for unskilled workers has nothing to do with globalization or what we produce, but is rather due to a change in production methods. Back 4. Edgar M. Hoover, An Introduction to Regional Economics, Alfred Knopf, 1971; Alfred Weber, Theory of the Location of Industries, Russell & Russell, 1971; and Wilbur R Thompson, A Preface to Urban Economics, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965. Back 5. U.S. DOT, An Assessment of the U.S. Marine Transportation System: A Report to Congress, September 1999. Back 6. John Vickerman, "The Next Generation Container Vessels: Impacts on Transportation Infrastructure and Operations," TR News, May-June 1998. Back 7. Michael Fabey, "Port Disneyland: Carriers Call for U.S. Ports to Meet Standards Set by Rotterdam and Kobe," Traffic World, May 18, 1998. Back 8. Land-side Access to U.S. Ports, Report #238. Back 9. About 99.7 percent of the approximately 3,700 ocean and inland ports in the U.S. have excess capacity. Between 1993 and 1997, total capital expenditures by U.S. ports amounted to $5.5 billion, with 10 ports accounting for 74 percent of the total outlays (Long Beach, Los Angeles, Seattle, Oakland, New York/New Jersey, Miami, New Orleans, Houston, Georgia, and Tacoma). Back 10. See Ken Cottril, " Rail Snafus Fog Progress," Traffic World, January 12, 1998. Back 11. The number of railroad maintenance workers is down from 29 employees per 100 miles of track in 1976 to 22 per 100 miles in 1995. Back 12. Examples of highly aggregated baseline measures of port performance are listed below. Note that these measures are presented for purposes of illustration only. Container clearance time at the gate: more than 30 minutesBased on performance data from a number of international ports, a number of target performance benchmarks have been established: Container clearance time at the gate: less than 10 minutesBack 13. Robert Clark, "Terminal OperationsūPort of Los Angeles, Marine Terminal and Inland Operations," paper presented at the Intermodal Freight Identification Technology Workshop: Current Applications and Future Needs, June 9-10, 1998. Back 14. Lewis Branscomb and James Keller, Investing in Innovation: Creating a Research and Innovation Policy that Works, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998. Back 15. Steve Nadis, "The Zeppelin Also Rises," Technology Review, October 1997. Back 16. U.S. DOT, An Assessment of the U.S. Marine Transportation System: A Report to Congress, September 1999. Back 17. Peter Beaulieu, "Ports on the Edge: Sync-ing the Strategic Plans," Puget Sound Regional Council, paper presented at the Transportation Research Board's 23rd Annual Summer Conference on Ports, Waterways, and International Trade, Seattle, Washington, July 19-22, 1998. Back A1. Alan Abrams, "Customs Rethinks Inspection Procedures," Journal of Commerce, January 26, 1995. Back A2. With NWLON, NOAA maintains a permanent database of tides and water levels. Stations are currently being upgraded from outdated electromechanical devices to state-of-the-art electrical data collection, processing, and dissemination systems. Upgraded NWLON can provide real-time water-level data for use by the maritime community to enhance safety and cost effectiveness and provide critical support for oil- spill response efforts. Currently, inadequate funding is preventing NOAA from completing the modernization of the NWLON and is limiting its use as a navigational aid. Back A3. "UPS to Build Hub 2000," Traffic World, March 23, 1998. Back |
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