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Comparison of International Transportation R&D Expenditures and PrioritiesPrevious Section | Table of Contents Appendix A Transportation R&D Estimates and Table 1: Sources and MethodsThe primary source for the national GDP and total R&D expenditures for 1995 are from Chapter 4 and Appendix Tables 4-42, 4-45, 6-1 and 6-2 from the NSF, Science and Engineering Indicators: 1998. All dollar totals were adjusted to 1995 dollars. The estimates for transportation R&D expenditures in Table 1 for 1997 (unless otherwise indicated) were derived from a variety of sources. First, major corporations in motor vehicles and aerospace and their 1997 revenues were identified from the 1998 Fortune magazine list of the "Global 500" companies. Second, R&D expenditures for a number of these companies were identified, particularly for the aerospace firms. Third, an estimated average factor for R&D as a percentage of revenues of 4.7% was developed for motor vehicle companies, based on the identified factors that ranged between 2.8% (Fiat) and 9.3% (Nissan); this factor was used to estimate R&D expenditures for companies for which specific amounts could not be found. This information is presented in Table A-1. Adding the R&D expenditures for the largest motor vehicle and aerospace companies provided the bulk of the non-governmental expenditures column. Using 1995 data for GDP and total R&D and mostly 1997 data for transportation R&D does cause a slight discrepancy in viewing Table 1 as a whole. It is hoped that future editions of this table will be standardized on a common year. However, it was thought useful to display the most recent data available in each category of information. Additional information on national R&D policies and funding was obtained from contacting the science and commercial counselors at the EC Liaison Office and the Embassies of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the UK in Washington; as well as officials from various research and transport ministries, research institutes and universities, and Internet sites in these countries. In addition, parallel information was sought from similar sources for Chinese, Indian, Russian, Dutch, Australian, and Swedish R&D. It is hoped that this information can be included in later versions. It is definitely acknowledged that the information on Tables 1 and A-1 represent a ‘work in progress’. For example, smaller component and sub-component manufactures are not totally included, although certain additions were made to the totals to reflect this item in part (such as the portion of General Electric’s corporate R&D for jet engines and locomotives). Insufficient information on maritime and transit R&D is included. Considerable additional research and refinement is needed: all comments and offers of advice and assistance are enthusiastically welcomed. Table A-1 Major Transportation Companies Revenues and R&D Expenditures
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