| ABOUT RITA | CONTACT US | PRESS ROOM | CAREERS | SITE MAP |
|
|
|
Partnership to Promote Enhanced Freight Movement at International Border Gateways: A Strategic PlanFootnotes1. The NTSC released the National Transportation Science and Technology Strategy in April 1999. Back 2. The NTSC released the National Transportation Science and Technology Strategy in April 1999. Back 3.Partnership to Promote Enhanced Freight Movement at Ports and Intermodal Terminals. Volpe Center, September 1999. Back 4. Edward Denison's research findings, as reported in J. Kendrick, Understanding Productivity, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977. Also see Ishaq Nadiri, "Innovation and Technological Spillovers," National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 4423 (August 1993). Back 5. Edwin Mansfield, Technological Change: An Introduction to a Vital Area of Modern Economics, W.W. Norton, 1971. Back 6. Lewis Branscomb and James H. Keller, Investing in Innovation: Creating Research and Innovation Policy That Works, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998. Back 7. Lester Thurow, symposium key-note address at Volpe Center, October 26, 1995. Also see Lester Thurow, Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle Amoung Japan Europe, and America, Morrow Publishing, 1992. Back 8. For a more detailed examination of the issues see the companion document the Partnership to Promote Enhanced Freight Movement at Ports and Intermodal Terminals. Volpe Center, September 1999. Back 9. Barton Aschman / La Empress, Binational Border Transportation Planning and Programming Study, Task 11, Changes in U.S. and Mexico Cross Border Trade Flows by Land Transportation Systems, September 19, 1997. Back 10. See the 1997 Comprehensive Truck Size and Weight Study, Volume II, Issues and Background, FHWA, USDOT, June 1997. Back 11. Barton Aschman / La Empress, Current Trade and Passenger Flow Data, Task 8, Bi-national Border Transportation Planning and Programming Study, February 18, 1996. Back 12. The Wall Street Journal, "NAFTA Reality Check: Trucks, Trains, Ships Face Costly Delays", June 3, 1998 Back 13. Mercer Management, Intermodal Service Quality, January 1993. Back 14. Paul Carroll, "Speedier US-Mexico Traffic Is Sought", The Wall Street Journal, September 19, 1995. Back 15. ATA Foundation, An Assessment of ITS/CVO Users Services: ITS/CVO Quantitative Benefit/Cost Analysis, Executive Summary, June 1996. Back 16. Automated Broker Interface (ABI) is the most common form of entry. A US customs broker files the release document electronically to the USCS' ACS database prior to the arrival of the shipment. Since some pre-processing occurs, this form of entry tends to reduce delays at the port of entry. Line-Release entry is a specialized pre-filed electronic entry that allows import cargo that has consistent problem-free cargo manifests and invoices to bypass standard Customs and other regulatory inspections. To qualify for line release, the shippers must be high-volume and low-risk, with commodities that meet requirements for product marking, documentation, and invoicing. Line release shipments are accompanied by a form that has a series of bar codes. The Customs inspector scans the bar codes and the shipment is verified by the ACS. Back 17. The Emerging Digital Ecomony, US Department of Commerce; undated document released circa April 1998 at http://www.ecommerce.gov back 18. The 1996 Telecommunication Act calls for increased competition among telecommunications companies. The government Next Generation Internet (NGI) Initiative provides funding to academic, government, and industry research communities rto advance research into experimental network applications and infrastructure. The FY99 budget allocates $850 million for R&D for the Large-Scale Networking and High-end Computing and Computation program, of which $100 million will go to the NGI Initiative. The NGI Initiative will work in conjunction with networking projects suchs as Internet2, a collaborative effort by more than 100 US research universities to create and sustain a leading edge network for developing network engineering and management tools and broadband applications for advanced research and education. Back 19. Michael Berzon, "Universal B/L," American Shipper, September 1995.Back 20. New technologies tested for increasing the effectiveness of container inspection include use of neutron-fast neutron activation, creating a three-dimensional map of a container, showing concentrations of illegal substances; x-ray devices; and chemical substances aimed at detecting contraband by characterizing air samples from the container have been developed. One of the test applications involved a test sample that included its own electronics to identify the gasses encountered. A joint project between the Department of Defense and US Customs Service aimed at developing x-ray imaging capabilities, using medium and high-energy x-ray sources. Tamper-proof seals equipped with sensors are among technologies used at the border to reduce the time cost of manual inspection. Back 21. ATA Foundation, "An Assessment of the ITS Commercial Trucking Markets," Volpe Center, February 14, 1997. Back 22. A basic AVI system consists of atransponder - Type I, II, III, depending on read and write capability - mounted on the truck that contains a unique identification code for the vehicle and other temporary information such as toll account balance or vehicle weight. The transponder retransmits altered radio antenna, and a radio frequency module for transmitiing and receiving the RF signal through the antenna. As the truck passes, the transponder transmits back its information, and the reader decodes the signals it receives to identify the data contained on the transponder.Back 23 Cambridge Systematics, Intelligent Transportation Systems for Motor Carriers: Win, Place, and Show, Prepared for the ATA, March 1996. Back 24 Robert Ehinger, "International Trade Data Systems," presentation at the Intermodal Freight Identification Technology Workshop, June 9-10, 1998. Back 25 Andrew Friend, "AEI Standards and Systems Application," Presentation at the Intermodal Freight Identification Technology Workshop, June 9-10, 1998. Back 26 Bill Nolle, "ITDS Data Standards, Transmission and Security," Presentation at the Intermodal Freight Identification Technology Workshop, June 9-10, 1998. Back 28 Conclusions from a National Governors Association report, quited in ITS World, "Governors scrutinize CVO costs, benefits" March/April 1996. Back 29 ITS World "An Interview with Gene Bergoffen", May/June 1996. Back |
|
